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https://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF22E07.pdf

診斷兒童的性別焦慮症:一篇解釋文

Diagnosing Gender Dysphoria in Children: An Explainer

作者:詹妮弗•鮑文斯(Jennifer Bauwens),哲學博士

 

「性別焦慮症」(Gender dysphoria)是《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)(DSM)中列出的一個診斷種類(diagnostic category)。【1】它首次作為一種心理學診斷被列入2013年問世的《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》第五版(DSM-5)中。此後,第五版經歷了修訂,並在今年重新發佈。

 

關於性別焦慮症是否應該被納入《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》一直存在爭議。有些人認為,為此創立一個診斷種類,會讓那些認定自己為跨性別者(transgender)的人將自己的情況歸於病態(病理化),而且在美國文化中,這種診斷只在跨性別者生理學手術的保險報銷中才有必要。【2】這篇解釋文將描述性別焦慮症的診斷以及有關診斷和治療的問題,特別是在兒童身上。

 

術語的定義

 

性別焦慮症的診斷標準

 

確定性別焦慮症的診斷

 

將性別焦慮症與其他被《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》解釋為成熟期的診斷進行比較

 

一個好的診斷評估涉及到排除其他導致性別焦慮症的原因

 

來自醫療和心理建設機構的治療建議

 

詹妮弗•鮑文斯(Jennifer Bauwens),哲學博士,是家庭研究理事會(Family Research Council)的家庭研究中心(Center for Family Studies)主任。

 

【章節附註】

1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: DSM-5 (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 829.

2 Berenice Bento, “The review process of the DSM 5: is gender a cultural or diagnostic category?” Sociology International Journal 2, no. 3 (2018): 205-213, accessed July 19, 2021, https://medcraveonline.com/SIJ/the-review-process-of-the-dsm-5-is-gender-a-cultural-or-diagnostic-category.html.

3 “Gender Dysphoria in Children,” American College of Pediatricians, November 2018, accessed April 25, 2022, https://acpeds.org/position-statements/gender-dysphoria-in-children.

4 “Dysphoria,” Dictionary.com, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dysphoria.

5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: DSM-5 (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 452.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.

8 “What is Gender Dysphoria?” American Psychiatric Association, accessed April 21, 2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria.

9 Michael K. Laidlaw, et al., “Letter to the Editor: ‘Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline,’” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 3 (2019): 686–87, accessed April 25, 2022, https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/3/686/5198654.

10 Jiska Ristori and Thomas D. Steensma, “Gender dysphoria in childhood,” International Review of Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (2016): 15, accessed April 25, 2022, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754056/.

11 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: DSM-5 (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 647.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Ajay Nadig, et al., “Morphological integration of the human brain across adolescence and adulthood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (2021), accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.pnas.org/content/118/14/e2023860118.

15 Ibid.

16 John R. Blosnich and Judith P. Andersen, “Thursday’s child: the role of adverse childhood experiences in explaining mental health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual U.S. adults,” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50, no. 2 (2015): 335-38, accessed July 20, 2021, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25367679/.

17 Ilan H. Meyer, Bianca D.M. Wilson, and Kathryn O’Neill, “LGBTQ People in the US: Select Findings from the Generations and TransPop Studies,” UCLA School of Law – Williams Institute, June 2021, https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Generations-TransPop-Toplines-Jun-2021.pdf.

18 Derek Glidden, Walter Pierre Bouman, Bethany Jones, Jon Arcelus, “Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Sexual Medicine Reviews 4, no. 1 (2016), accessed April 25, 2022, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27872002/.

19 Lisa Littman, “Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of rapid onset of gender dysphoria,” PLOS ONE 14, no. 3 (2019), accessed April 25, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214157.

20 Sara Reardon, “Largest ever study of transgender teenagers set to kick off: Scientists will track psychological and medical outcomes of controversial treatments to help transgender adolescents transition,” Nature, March 29, 2016, 560, https://www.nature.com/news/largest-ever-study-of-transgender-teenagers-set-to-kick-off-1.19637.

21 Denise Chew, et al., “Hormonal Treatment in Young People with Gender Dysphoria: A Systematic Review,” Pediatrics 141(4), published online March 7, 2018, 15-16.

22 Kelsey Hayes, “Ethical Implications of Treatment for Gender Dysphoria in Youth,” Online Journal of Health Ethics 14(2), 9, https://aquila.usm.edu/ojhe/vol14/iss2/3/.

23 “What to Expect on Your First Visit and Beyond,” Planned Parenthood Mar Monte, accessed April 22, 2022, https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-mar-monte/patient-resources/gender-affirming-care/hormone-therapy-first-visit.

24 “State Policy Brief: Save Adolescents from Experimentation (SAFE) Act,” Family Research Council, April 2022, accessed May 3, 2022, https://www.frc.org/statepolicybrief/save-adolescents-from-experimentation-safe-act.

 

分类:跨性別問題
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